Topography

Collection of data on the shape of the earth's surface, including elevation details, contours, and other features.

GPS surveys to determine the horizontal and vertical coordinates of a location with high accuracy.

Mapping with camera-equipped drones that capture overlapping aerial photos, which are processed into maps or 3D models.

Mapping with laser beams to measure distances and create three-dimensional (3D) models of the earth's surface.

A non-destructive method for identifying the structure and composition of the subsurface.